For The Alpine Journal

 MOUNTAINEERING AND WAR ON THE SIACHEN GLACIER

 1998

 

For every mountaineer some areas are more attractive than others. For me the lure of the East Karakoram worked like a magnet. I had not visited any trans-himalayan areas till 1980. But once I found a trail there, the grey and barren valleys of the East Karakorams became my main  areas of travel and climbing. What differentiated these areas from the others was their rich  history. Caravans had passed through here for  centuries; Dogra Generals had conquered it and the ‘Great Game’ was played within its confines. Visiting this region was almost as much an intellectual pleasure as a physical achievement. Amongst all these ranges the Siachen Glacier with its long history, high  mountains and the  present day war scenario became a major attraction.

I had crossed the snout of the Siachen in 1985 for the first time, explored the Terong valley, climbed peaks and played a small part in its history. I nursed a desire  to return there to reach head of this long glacier. After a great deal of correspondence with several government departments, I got permission to trek there, in 1996. We first climbed in a side valley, Terong. When  we returned to enter the main glacier we received the  incredible, devastating news that our permits were withdrawn by a senior commander in the army. Reason and compromise did not work. He wouldn’t budge. Our protests followed and as we returned to Leh the army relented and I was asked if we would go back. I refused stating that we were civilian mountaineers for whom time and mood mattered. We could not go back to the area like soldiers under orders.  A critical report followed and I spoke at different gatherings narrating my bitter experience. I was like a hurt child. I had great respect for the Indian army and felt betrayed.

So when I applied to visit the glacier again in 1998 I was apprehensive about obtaining the clearance. There was  discussion within the army about whether or not to allow us,  mainly because of my criticism of the army in the past. But now there was a different General in charge. Disregarding the opinion of his staff officers he decided to send us to the glacier. With my faith in the democratic Indian army  restored, I returned to the Siachen glacier.

Two questions are often asked when I mention  about the Siachen Glacier where a war is raging between the Indian and Pakistani armies since 1984.  Though there are no human settlements or there is any productive use of this area, why is this glacier  so important to the both the countries? And secondly what we mountaineers are doing  in a place where artillery shells are regularly exchanged? The answers to both the questions lie in the geography and history of this glacier. It is said that a nation which does not know its geography is condemned by history. So it is imperative that issues related to this glacier are better understood.

It is commonly believed that before the conflict started in 1984, the Siachen Glacier had been lying in quiet isolation. Given the inhospitable climate of this region, such a belief is understandable, but it is not true. The glacier has had visitors for a long time, both local and foreign.

In the valleys to the west of the glacier live the Baltis, who have an interesting story to tell about the Siachen Glacier, which they called Saichar Ghainri. They say there used to be a small Yarkandi village at the entrance of the Teram Shehr Glacier,  where the Yarkandis met the Baltis for trade. (The Workman couple, found the walls of such a settlement in 1912). It so happened that once some of the Yarkandis descended the Ghyari nala and abducted a Balti woman. Wanting to take revenge, the Baltis sought the help of a famous mullah.  He gave them a tawiz (amulet) whose power, he said, would punish the Yarkandis. He instructed them to place it on the Bilafond la (pass) and  return via a different route,  the Nubra valley. The Balti villagers disregarded the mullah’s instructions and returned the way they had gone. Soon a great storm hit the Siachen Glacier and caused immense destruction. It is believed that the storm would have destroyed everything in the glacier had the mullah’s directions been followed completely.

As it was, the destruction was not total and the wild roses that grew a plenty near the snout of the glacier and in the lower valleys were spared. It is these roses which give the Siachen Glacier its name: Siachen—the Place of Roses (in the Balti language, “sia” is “rose” and “chen” is “place of”).

From the time of W. Moorcroft, who passed near the glacier’s snout in 1821, the existence, length and location of the Siachen Glacier was a matter of much speculation among Western explorers during the colonial period. In 1848, Henry Starchy became the first Westerner to discover “Saichar Ghainri” (“ghainri” is “glacier” in Balti); he ascended it for two miles from its snout in the Nubra valley. E.C. Ryall of the Survey of India sketched the lower part of the glacier in 1861, and ascribed to it a length of 16 miles.

During his famous second Karakoram journey in 1889, Sir Francis Younghusband (then Colonel Younghusband) approached the area from the Urdok Valley. He was seeking a crossing into the Subcontinent from Central Asia. Following a side valley of the Urdok Glacier, he reached  the foot of the Turkestan la.   He felt this pass, and not Bilafond la as it was then believed, was the main axis of the Karakoram. In other words, Younghusband thought that the axis along the Turkestan la (along with the nearby Indira Col) was what separated South Asia from Central Asia.

Defining the actual axis thus meant that several square kilometres of territory would be added to British India at the expense of Chinese Turkestan (now Xinjiang province). Younghusband’s explorer’s instincts were correct, but since this was still uncharted terrain he could not be sure.

Younghusband’s belief was confirmed in 1909 by T.G. Longstaff who, along with Arthur Névé, and Lieutenant Slingsby, was the first to traverse this great glacier. They crossed over the Bilafond la (or, Saltoro pass, as Longstaff called it then) and named the glacier in the east Teram Shehr (‘Destroyed City’) in keeping with the legend of the mullah which was narrated to them by their Balti porters. The peaks there were named the Teram Kangri group. They then retreated by the same route and went down the valley and approached the Siachen Glacier via the Nubra valley. Longstaff climbed up from the Siachen snout in the south and observed the same peaks as he had identified from the Bilafond la. This was conclusive proof of the length of the Siachen Glacier and the actual location of the Turkestan la—an important discovery as it established the true dimensions of the Karakoram. What he wrote in his book This My Voyage is quoted often:

Younghusband was a true prophet. Col Burrand of the Survey had suspected the truth. The avalanche-swept pass, whose foot Younghusband had reached 20 years before, was on the main axis of the Karakoram range which thus lay miles farther north than had been believed. We had stolen some 500 sq miles from the Yarkand river systems of Chinese Turkestan, and joined it to the waters of the Indus and the Kingdom of Kashmir.

The next important explorers to visit the Siachen Glacier were the famous Workman couple. Fanny Bullock-Workman and William Hunter Workman were Americans who had a special interest in the exploration of the Karakoram, and they focused their attention on the Siachen Glacier in the years 1911 and 1912. Entering via the Bilafond la, the Workmans camped on the glacier with a large entourage of porters and two Alpine guides. This group spent more than two months on the glacier and they climbed many peaks and visited almost all the corners of the upper Siachen. Grant Peterkin, a surveyor attached to this expedition, surveyed the glacier thoroughly and named a few peaks, including Teram Kangri, Apsarasas and Ghent. Names like Sia la, Junction Peak, Hawk, Tawiz and a few others were given by this expedition. It was the Workman expedition which visited and named Indira Col (lowest point on a ridge) after the Hindu goddess, Laxmi, one of whose many names is Indira. (The general supposition that this col was christened after Indira Gandhi, who was the prime minister when the Indian troops captured it  in 1984, is erroneous.)

In 1929, Dr Ph. C. Visser of the Netherlands, on his fourth trip to the Karakoram, explored the two Terong glaciers and the Shelkar Chorten glacier all unknown till then. In his group were Rudolf Wyss and Khan Sahib Afraz Gul of the Survey of India, who stayed in the Terong Valley and completed surveying and naming of the main peaks in the lower part of this great glacier. In the same year, the Duke of Spoleto expedition (Italian) crossed the Karakoram by the Muztagh pass and reached the Turkestan la from the north. They descended from the Turkestan la after discovering the Staghar and Singhi glaciers.

The survey and exploration of the Siachen was completed a year later by another Italian, Giotto Dainelli. Recounting his journey upto the Teram Shehr glacier junction through the Nubra valley in the Himalayan Journal, Dainelli wrote:

…thus reaching the Siachen tongue with all my baggage, a caravan of seventy coolies and six and a half tons of food for the men, carried by an additional caravan of ponies and supplementary coolies. On the 9th of June—exactly two months after my departure from Florence—I was heading for my first depot up the glacier. I hope my English colleagues will appreciate this rapidity of execution, which I consider a record! (Compare this with present timings—one can reach the glacier’s snout within three days from Delhi without taking a single step.)

Dainelli, with a Miss Kalau as his only companion, stayed at the Teram Shehr junction and carried out various geological surveys. He could not return by the same route due to the flooding of the Nubra valley in the lower reaches. So he crossed over to the Rimo glacier in the east by a 6200 m pass which he named Col Italia.

World War II, and the turmoil of Indian  independence  put an end to all activities in this area for a few decades. After the Indo-China War of 1962, the entire area became ‘restricted’, even for Indian climbers, although it is known that some parties from Indian security agencies did visit Bilafond la.

The ambiguity about the exact delineation of the border is the cause today’s conflict. The 1949 Indo-Pakistan agreement demarcated the cease-fire line. It extended up to the point known as NJ 9842 near the Shyok River, after which the line moved “thence north to the glaciers”, leaving the boundary vague.

The one opportunity to do away with this uncertainty came during the 1972 Shimla talks. It can be safely said that there may not have been any fighting on the Siachen if, during those talks, Indira Gandhi had pressurised the Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to agree to demarcate the borders along the Saltoro Ridge, as is the situation today. A desperate Bhutto had pleaded with the Indian prime minister that he be trusted to do this at a later date, as he did not want to antagonise his generals. “Aap mujhpe bharosa kijiye (Trust me),” he is reported to have said.

Even as the ambiguity about the line of control remained, however, between 1972 and 1983 Pakistan promoted and permitted many foreign expeditions on the Siachen Glacier. These expeditions, accompanied by Pakistani army liaison officers, generally crossed over the Gyong la, Bilafond la or Sia la to enter the glacier, and climbed many peaks on the
glacier. These climbs are  the grounds on which Pakistan had laid claim to the glacier. It has to be noted here that, apart from the ‘political statement’ these expeditions made, the teams were able to do  explorations and climbs of the highest order. Peaks like Teram Kangri, Singhi Kangri and others, have been climbed in the area. 

During this period, the Indian army also sent three expeditions to the glacier. Two of these were led by well-known climber Col N. Kumar. They reached Indira Col and climbed several other peaks, including Saltoro Kangri and Teram Kangri. The fact that these expeditions (1978, 1980 and 1981) took place was made public only in 1983. The Indian government made an attempt to pass them off as mountaineering ventures but their actual intentions were pretty obvious.

Maps soon began to be published in Europe showing the extended line of control joining the Karakoram Pass in the east following the Pakistani claim. These maps conceded the entire Siachen Glacier to Pakistan, and showed Pakistan and China sharing a long common border to the east of Siachen.

In 1984, Pakistan gave permission to a Japanese expedition to attempt Rimo, a peak located in a side valley east of the Siachen and overlooking parts of Aksai Chin. Such an expedition would have linked Pakistan-controlled Kashmir with China, along the historic trade route that leads to Chinese Turkestan over the Karakoram Pass. The Indian army decided to take action to prevent the expedition from proceeding, and thus began the Siachen imbroglio.

Soon after India occupied positions on the glacier, the first Indian mountaineering expedition arrived in the Siachen to counter the policy adopted by Pakistan in the past. The following year, in 1985, an Indo-British expedition (led by this writer with Dave Wilkinson) was given permission to climb Rimo peak, by approaching it from the Nubra valley in India. Their success and the international publicity generated created awareness that the area was controlled by India. In 1986, an American team  reached the Indira Col.

Mountaineering on the main glacier ceased until 1996, when my team from Bombay arrived on the glacier with full clearance from the Indian government but was turned back.. However, after protests and a critical report, the situation was rectified within a year and it was decided to allow Indian mountaineers on the glacier. In 1997, an Indian women’s team (led by Bachendri Pal, the first Indian woman to climb Everest) traversed the glacier and stood on India Saddle, a point some seconds north  of Indira Col.

It was in this situation  that we returned to the glacier to complete our unfinished venture.

ROSE EXPEDITION 1998

The 72 km long Siachen glacier,   in the East Karakoram is one of the longest glaciers in the Himalaya. It has a number of peaks, side valleys and at its head lies the Indira Col, the divide between  South and Central Asia. The Nubra river drains the glacier and  ultimately joins the Shyok river near Khalsar.  To the west lies the West Karakoram (now under Pakistani control) and towards the east is the Shyok basin, bordering China. The northern slopes of the Indira Ridge lead to the Shaksgam valley.

 On  30th June  we moved to an army base camp after proper acclimatisation in the lower Nubra valley. The army  agreed to shift some rations and kerosene by helicopter to the middle of the glacier  and to provide food at intermediate camps. By  3rd July  we were ready to move up the glacier with 8 Sherpas as support.

Soon we were treading on the historical grounds.  It was a great feeling moving up the glacier once again. We passed the entrance to the familiar Terong valley in the east. We had explored it thoroughly in 1985 and again in 1996. We stayed at the northerly turn of glacier. Several peaks rose in the south and east while to the west we saw the  Gyong la valley which led to the famous pass of the same name. Many expeditions had come up to  Siachen by this pass.  In next 7 days we gradually built up our supplies, moving the equipment and specialised food up the glacier over 3 camps. These camps were  on the moraine as the snow had melted. We were camping on  rocky grounds everywhere. After the third day we saw several groups of peaks rising in the northeast. We saw the massive Singhi Kangri (7751 m), justifying its name (Singhi – ‘difficult’). In the same group was Afraj (6815 m) (‘one who leads  others’) Khan Sahib Afraj Gul was an Indian Surveyor who visited the area in 1935 with the Visser expedition and had named several peaks in the  area.  We have  named  this central peak of the glacier after him).  From the middle of the glacier  the view is as stupendous. In one sweep we could see the upper Siachen glacier leading to India Saddle and the Indira Col.  In the east rose the gentle Teram Shehr glacier with Junction peak rising from the only green meadow on the edge of the glacier. To  our immediate east rose the peaks at the edge of the Teram Shehr Plateau. Bullock-Workman had named one of the peaks as “Laxmi” (wife of Vishnu and goddess of wealth).  As Lord Vishnu is  God of preservation we chose to  name some of the peaks after him: like  Padmanabh (7030 m),  the  highest peak on the Teram Shehr (‘destroyed city’) Plateau. It is hoped that Vishnu will protect and prevent further destruction there.

Teram Shehr glacier

Apart from traversing the entire glacier our expedition had two other aims.  One was to reach Col Italia on the head of the Teram Shehr glacier and attempt  the highest peak on the Teram Shehr Plateau, Padmanabh (7030 m).  

  A good route to approach the Teram Shehr Glacier was opposite the famous ‘Kumar Camp’. A wide gully flowed down from the Teram Shehr onto the Siachen Glacier.  On the right of the gully were the gentle slopes;  the only green slopes in the area. These could possibly have  been the site of the settlements mentioned by the Workmans. The best way to approach the Teram Shehr glacier was via this gully, which would have saved us the  long turn-about approach. But  the 2.5 kms across  the Siachen Glacier was not considered safe and had to be crossed under cover of darkness to avoid the risk of being caught in the shelling from across the border.

So it was decided that Divyesh and Cyrus with support would attempt the peaks on the Teram Shehr plateau directly across Camp 3 which was below.  They were to follow a ridge line of Bhujang (6560 m) which was at the edge of the Teram Shehr plateau, and then make their way to the base of Padmanabh (7030 m). Any thought of reaching  Col Italia had to be given up. Throughout our stay we were always aware of being in a war-zone. There was daily artillery firing across and above our route,  helicopters were flying and we met soldiers on their way down, tired and haggard. It is a very different playground for  mountaineering.

First Ascent of Bhujang (6560 m) on the Teram Shehr plateau

After we left for Indira Col the climbers descended to Camp 3 to attempt the peak. From 10th to 14th July they  built  up a base camp across the main Siachen glacier, on its eastern bank. On 15 July they climbed over loose scree and mud slopes and reached the steep ridge descending from Bhujang (6560 m). At about 5570 m  they camped at  a  sheltered spot with a grand view of the peaks and glaciers around. 

After  the weather cleared they  moved on the 18th  to the last camp  now  within reach of peak 6560. Starting  early and moving  fast Cyrus and Divyesh went  up the initial frontal 500 m of climb to the point where the ropes and equipment had been left earlier.  The Sherpas moved up the rock route along the ridge.  From this point they found a safe passage to traverse onto the col.  The route from the col to the top was an easy angled climb over snow with a few patches of ice in-between.  They were at the summit by 11.30 a.m.

This was the first peak climbed on the Teram Shehr plateau. It rose like a serpent and was christened   ‘Bhujang’, after the legendary serpent associated with Lord Vishnu.

To Indira Col

In the meantime the main team moved up the glacier which was completely snow-bound even through the summer months. Almost 30 to 40 ft of snow covers the entire glacier in winter and the temperature plunges to below minus 40 degrees C. We were visiting the glacier during best time of the year and to the easiest part of the glacier. Yet  the cold was harsh and the difficulties were evident. The glacier flattens out ahead of its centre. We passed a side-entrance leading to  Bilafond la (‘butterfly shaped glacier’) in the west. This was the Lolofond glacier (named after Dr Tom Longstaff). It was small and flat and joined the Siachen after  a small expanse . The historic peak of Tawiz (6400 m)  dominated the sky. To the northwest another historic peak, Hawk (6754 m), raised, its head. Thence, it guided us throughout till the head of the glacier. The  site of the Saltoro Kangri peaks (7742 and 7705 m) rising above the Peak 36 glacier was unforgettable. Its sheer size and the difficulties of rock walls on its slopes makes it a challenging objective. Today Saltoro Kangri II (7705 m) is one of the highest unclimbed peaks in the world.

After four more camps we were nearing the head of the glacier. There were not many difficulties,  except for a few  crevasses. We walked in short marches in excellent weather. A little while later we passed another valley in the west leading to Sia La and Convey Saddle. The Siachen glacier was now broad and on its eastern edge rose two shapely pinnacles (Staghar Towers I and II), There was a deep notch  to its south. This was Staghar Pass through  which the Japanese expedition had crossed  to the east to make the first ascent of Singhi Kangri. Soon we neared our goals, Sia Kangri I (7422 m) and II (7092 m) (formerly known as Hardinge).  Their  walls were gigantic and threatened to throw down  avalanches. All camps were carefully placed away from them. Our last camp on  the glacier  was a little above the ‘Ridge Camp’ of Bullock-Workman in 1912.

We decided to reach Turkestan La (East) (5810 m). It lay on the head of an eastern valley. On 20th July 1998 four of us with our LO and a Sherpa left by  6.30 a.m. Winding our way through a crevasse and going up a gentle valley,  we were at the la in 2 hours, overlooking the Staghar glacier. The eastern slopes led gently down to the glacier and the ice-penitents of the Staghar glacier were clearly seen. The view to the south included several peaks  around  the Singhi Kangri ridge, with Staghar Pass clearly visible. One  admired the tenacity of the Japanese team which in 1976  crossed   Bilafond la and Staghar Pass to ultimately climb the steep and sharp  ridge of Singhi  Kangri.

The Indira Ridge

The ridge on which we were standing rose gently towards the north and a deep notch was seen on it. This was the Turkestan La (North) where Col. Francis Younghusband (later Sir) wanted to reach  in 1889. It is sometimes  called ‘Colonel’s Col’. The Indira ridge leading from foot of Sia Kangri to ‘Colonel’s Col’ and turning south to Turkestan La (East) is the northernmost ridge  of India at present  and it forms a major divide between South and Central  Asia.

The main Indira  Col (west) is located at the foot of the eastern ridge descending from Sia Kangri. It is here, exactly, that the heads of the  Siachen and Urdok glaciers meet. This col was recorded to have been reached by Col. N. Kumar’s team in 1981 and again by the Americans in 1986. 

On the same ridge a point of 6000 m is erroneously marked on the present map as ‘Indira Col’. It is a steep saddle and by no imagination can be called a ‘col’ (a col is the lowest point on a ridge).  We proposed to call this point  ‘India Saddle’. Further east lies the Indira Col (East) which was reached by Bullock-Workman expedition in 1912.  The easternmost pass on this ridge is Turkestan La (North). It is an easy pass on both the sides and foot of this pass was reached in 1889 by Col. Younghusband. The ridge turns south from here.  Turkestan La (East) is located a little to the South.

Reaching the Northern Points

On  22nd July 1998  we started at 6.30 a.m. and walked  northwards on crisp snow and a gently rising glacier. After  turning around the peak Faiz (6150 m) (‘one who is at the top’) we saw a wide bowl opened in front of us. Facing us was  the Indira Ridge and a  panoramic view. To the  north was the Indira Col (West)  (the main Indira Col). I decided to reach this Col  with Sherpa Pemba Tsering.  After a walk of about 2 hours we were at the pass. At the pass we made a safe anchor and walked upon the northern cornices to  look down at the Urdok glacier. This beautiful flat glacier led northwards to join the Shaksgam river which was visible. Several peaks were visible but unfortunately Gasherbrum I was in clouds. To the north was Chinese Turkestan where trekkers in recent years had roamed freely. Apart from a political division we were standing on a major geographical divide too. The waters from this col drained southwards  into the Siachen glacier and the, Nubra, Shyok and Indus rivers to merge with the warm waters of Arabian  Sea. Waters to the north drained into  the Urdok glacier, and the Shaksgam, Yarkand, Tarim and  Qyurug rivers  to merge with the Lop Nor lake.

The other members of our  team, Vijay Kothari, Kaivan Mistry, Vineeta Muni and Capt. Suhag climbed towards the India Saddle. After a steep slope, where they had to use crampons, they stood on the northern-most point of India and enjoyed similar historic moments as we did. All of us  gathered at the camp by afternoon.

It had taken us a walk of 98 kilometres on ground and 12 days to reach the Indira Col (20 days in all, including days for ferrying loads and resting). The glacier rose from 3550 m to 5840 m, a mean rise  of 1 to 26, over a  distance of 72 km (the geographical length of the glacier).  Indian climbers had finally arrived on the glacier.

Rare rose

For the past 14 years, soldiers of the Indian Army have been in the Siachen. The army lives on the glacier under a severe resource crunch. Supplies are taken up by helicopter but there is always a shortage of air transport, sometimes even to evacuate the injured. Under such circumstances it is hardly surprising that the glacier is under severe environmental strain. Much of the garbage is put into crevasses or dumped on rocks and snow. In winter, all this is covered under a thick layer of snow and the entire area appears like a beautiful white sheet. But come summer, all the cans, drums and human waste come to the surface and litter is seen everywhere.  The army cannot burn the garbage on the glacier, and neither can it destroy it there, much less bring it down.

Some serious thinking about the ecological conditions on the Siachen glacier needs to be done. The war has taken a heavy toll of men and material on both sides. It is an impasse in which no side seems to be gaining.  The only solution to save this great wilderness  is to stop the war. This is a matter for the Governments of India and Pakistan to consider.  As a mountaineer and lover of this glacier I  can only pray  that   some steps are taken to conclude this never-ending war and save the glacier from destruction. It is hoped  that  powers-that-be will listen to the anguish of the glacier and soldiers serving on it. 

The mullah, whose tawiz had destroyed the glacier  had made another prediction: if, due to human folly, the storm did not cause total destruction of the glacier, another ‘storm’ may visit the glacier in a century to complete the job. This war seems to be fulfilling his prediction.           

Hopefully someday,  soon,  there will be peace on the Siachen glacier. Roses (Sias) will grow wild, ibexes will roam and where mountaineers can explore  and climb freely . 

How many deaths will it take till he knows

that too many people have died?

The answer my friend,

is blowing in the wind.

The answer is blowing in the wind.

          (Bob Dylan)

SUMMARY

Area : The Siachen glacier,  East Karakoram.

Members: Harish Kapadia (leader),  Vijay Kothari, Cyrus Shroff, Divyesh Muni, Vineeta Muni, and Kaivan Mistry  with Captain Ashish Suhag (liaison officer).

Period: From 20th  June to 3rd August  1998

Sponsored by : The Mountaineers, Bombay.

Result: The expedition approached the Siachen Glacier from its snout. One party reached the Indira Col West, India Saddle and Turkestan La East. Another party  made the first ascent of Bhujang (6560 m) on the edge of the Teram Shehr Plateau.

Passes and Peak reached/climbed by the Rose expedition 1998

 

	Name	Long. (East) Lat. (North)	Date Reached	Members of the Rose expedition 1998,  who reached  the pass/peak.
1.	Turkestan  La (East) (5810 m) Traditional pass	76o   51’  30” 35o   39’  00”	20th July 1998	Harish Kapadia, Kaivan Mistry, Vijay Kothari, Vineeta Muni, Captain Ashish Suhag  and Pemba Tsering
2.	Indira Col (West) (5840 m)	76o  48’  10” 35o  39’  40”	22nd July 1998	Harish Kapadia and Pemba Tsering
3.	India Saddle (6000 m)	76o   48’  20” 35o   39’  50”	22nd July 1998	Kaivan Mistry, Vijay Kothari, Vineeta Muni and Captain Ashish Suhag.
4.	Bhujang Peak (6560 m) First Ascent	77o  12’  00” 35o  24’ 00”	20th July 1998	Divyesh Muni, Cyrus Shroff, Kusang Dorjee, Samgyal, Pasang and Pema Sherpa

 

History of the Siachen Glacier (1821-1998)

Year    Expedition

1821   W. Moorcroft passed near the snout of the Siachen glacier and reported its existence.

1835   G. T. Vigne approached it from the west over Bilafond la but never guessed its existence.

1848   Henry Strachey discovered and established  the existence of Siachen glacier and ascended it for two miles.

1848   Dr. T. Thompson visited the snout.

1849-50 F. Drew approached the glacier and wrote about it in his famous book Ladakh.

1862   E.C. Ryall of Survey of India, sketched the lower part of the glacier and ascribed it a length of only 16 miles.

1889   Sir F. Younghusband reached foot of Turkestan la (North) from north.  He felt that the glacier was long and that this pass  was  the major Central Asian divide.

1907   Sir Sidney Burrard published a map on the Himalaya. It did not include Siachen though he mentioned the possibility of existence of a  large glacier at the head of the Nubra valley.

1908   Dr. Arthur Névé  and D.G. Oliver reached the snout and explored Mamostong Kangri.

1909   Dr. Tom Longstaff, Dr Arthur Névé  and Lt A.M. Slingsby, later joined by Capt D.G. Oliver, first came over Bilafond la and later over the Siachen snout to establish the length of the Siachen glacier and exact location of various passes. This was the pioneering effort which established the true length and nature  of the glacier.

1911-12 The Workman Expedition came over Bilafond la in the west and spent almost 2 months on the glacier. They named many peaks and passes, and climbed a few peaks. Grant Peterkin, attached to this expedition, surveyed the glacier thoroughly.

1911   V.D.B. Collins and C.S. McInnes of Survey of India surveyed Teram Kangri and other peaks.

1913-14 Sir Filippo De Filippi surveyed Rimo glacier system and published a map.

1929   Dr Ph.C. Visser, Netherlands expedition, surveyed Terong valleys and crossed the snout to Gyong la. He was accompanied by the Surveyor Khan Sahib Afraz Gul  who completed the detailed survey of the entire glacier.

1929   Duke of Spoleto expedition reached Indira Col (East) from the north and discovered Staghar and Singhi glaciers.

1930   G. Dainelli, Italian expedition, stayed two months at Teram Shehr junction. He approached it starting from Bombay and through the Nubra valley.  As the Nubra river  was flooded later, he  crossed Col Italia and returned via Saser la.

1934   G.O. Dyhrenfurth, International expedition, made the first ascent of Sia Kangri.

1935   British Expedition led by J. Waller  with John Hunt attempted Saltoro Kangri. They camped on the Peak 36 glacier.

1939   Lt Peter Young visited Gyong la on shikar.

1956   Austrian expedition led by F. Moravec climbed Sia Kangri West.

1957   Imperial College British expedition led by Eric Shipton climbed Tawiz and visited several passes.

1961   Austrian expedition led by E. Waschak made the first ascent of Ghent.

1962   Japanese-Pakistan expedition led by T. Shidei made the first ascent of Saltoro Kangri I.

1972   ‘Shimla Agreement’ was signed between India and Pakistan. It failed to clearly demarcate the border  along this glacier.

1974   Japanese expedition led by T. Tanaka attempted Sherpi Kangri II via S ridge. This was the first expedition allowed from Pakistan after the ‘Shimla Agreement’.

1974   Austrian expedition led by W. Stefan climbed Sia Kangri from SW.

1974   Japanese expedition led by G. Iwatsubo approached K12 from the west. Two members reached the summit  but died during the return and disappeared without any trace.

1975   British expedition led by D. Alcock attempted Sherpi Kangri.

1975   Japanese expedition led by Y. Yamamoto climbed K12 by the same route to search for the missing summitters. The search failed.

1975   Japanese expedition led by H. Katayama made first ascents of Teram Kangri I and II, coming over Bilafond la. This was  the first expedition to cross over into the Siachen glacier from Bilafond la with permits from Pakistan.

1975   Japanese expeditions led by S. Yamamoto attempted Saltoro Kangri I.

1976   Japanese expedition made first ascent of Sherpi Kangri, led by H. Hirai.

1976   Japanese expedition led by H. Misawa made the first ascent of Apsarasas I, crossing over Bilafond la.

1976   Japanese expedition led by H. Saito came over Bilafond la, crossed Staghar Pass   and made the first ascent of Singhi Kangri from north.

1976   An Austrian expedition led by Gunther Schutz crossed over Bilafond la and attempted Saltoro Kangri II.

1977   Austrian expedition climbed Ghent NE from the Kondus glacier.

1978   Indian Army expedition led by Col N. Kumar approached from Nubra and climbed Teram Kangri II. This was the first Indian expedition  to enter the glacier from the Nubra valley after the 1930 Italian expedition by G.Dainelli (though Indian security  parties have reportedly visited the glacier till Bilafond la).

1978   Japanese expedition led by H. Kobayashi climbed Ghent NE from the Kondus glacier.

1979   Japanese expedition led by S. Hanada crossed over Bilafond la and made the first ascent of Teram Kangri III.

1979   Japanese expedition led by R. Hayashibara climbed Sia Kangri from the Conway Saddle, descended its S face to the Siachen glacier. They  trekked out via Bilafond la.

1980   Indian Army expedition led by Brig K.N. Thandani climbed Apsarasas I.

1980   West German team led by B. Scherzer climbed Ghent.

1980   An American team led by Galen Rowell traversed the Siachen glacier during the Karakoram Ski Traverse of major glaciers.

1981   Dutch expedition attempted Saltoro Kangri II from the west.

1981   Indian Army expedition led by Col. N. Kumar reached the upper glacier via the Nubra valley. They climbed Saltoro Kangri I, Sia Kangri I, reached Indira Col (West), Sia la, Turkestan la and  Saltoro Pass (PK 36 glacier pass).

1983   Few trekking parties crossed over Bilafond la from the west.

1984   Indian Army expedition led by Col. Prem Chand climbed K12 from the Siachen glacier traversing from the west.

1984   The Indian Army controlled the western heights on the Saltoro ridge to take firm control to defend the area on 14th April. This was the beginning of the ‘Glacier War’ now in its 14th year.

1985   The first expedition after the beginning of action was allowed soon. The Indo-British expedition led by Harish  Kapadia (with Dave Wilkinson), explored and climbed peaks in Terong group. They approached from the Siachen glacier, climbed Rimo III and  attempted Rimo I.

1986   Sia Kangri was climbed by the Indo-American expedition led by Maj. K.V. Cherian and Leo Lebon. They traversed the glacier. Seven Indians reached the summit and Americans reached Indira Col (West).

1988   Rimo I, the first ascent was made by  the Indo-Japanese team led by  Hukam Singh and Yoshio Ogata. They approached from the Terong valley and Ibex Col.

1988   Apsarasas I was climbed by the Indian Army Team. Leader and details not known.

1989   Rimo II first ascent, and Rimo IV second ascent. These peaks were climbed by an Indo-British team led by Sonam Palzor and Doug Scott. They approached from the Siachen snout and the Terong glacier.

1992   An Indian army team led by Col. M.S. Gill climbed Teram Kangri I. No details available.

1996   After closer of almost ten years (since1986) the first  civilian team was given permission to climb on the upper Siachen glacier. A team from Bombay, led by Harish Kapadia climbed in the Terong valley at first. As they were about to enter  the upper Siachen glacier, army cancelled their permits without assigning any reason and they were turned back. Their critical report made a serious impact.

1997   The Indian Women’s team, with Ms. Bachendri Pal as leader, traversed the Siachen glacier and reached the India Saddle in early September.

1998   The Bombay team, led by Harish Kapadia, returned to the glacier. They reached  Indira Col (West), India Saddle and Turkestan la (East). The team also made the first ascent of Bhujang Peak (6560 m) on the Teram Shehr Plateau, the first ever peak to be climbed on this vast  plateau.